Still, there were laws to limit Earthly pleasures, such as a fine of twenty shillings for couples caught kissing in public. The Puritan concept of Hell was very serious, frightening, and very real. Trouble in the Bible Commonwealth Tensions arose in Massachusetts. Anne Hutchinson was a very intelligent, strong-willed, talkative woman who claimed that a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man.
Brought to trial in , Anne boasted that her beliefs were directly from God. She was banished from the colony and eventually made her way to Rhode Island.
She died in New York after an attack by Indians. Roger Williams was a radical idealist hounded his fellow clergymen to make a clean and complete break with the Church of England. He went on to deny that civil government could and should govern religious behavior. He was banished in , and led the way for the Rhode Island colony. They were against special privilege.
Reverend Thomas Hooker led an energetic group of Puritans west into Connecticut. In , settlers of the new Connecticut River colony drafted in open meeting a trailblazing document called the Fundamental Orders. It was basically a modern constitution. In , New Haven was founded and eventually merged into Connecticut. In , Maine was absorbed by Massachusetts and remained so for nearly a century and a half. In , the granite-ribbed New Hampshire was absorbed into Massachusetts.
In , the king separated the two and made New Hampshire a royal colony. Puritans Versus Indians Before the Puritans had arrived in , an epidemic had swept through the Indians, killing over three quarters of them.
At first, Indians tried to befriend the Whites. Squanto , a Wampanoag, helped keep relative peace. In an attempt to save face, the Puritans did try to convert some of the Indians, though with less zeal than that of the Spanish and French. In , Metacom called King Philip by the English united neighboring Indians in a last-ditched attack that failed.
It was almost all Puritan. It was weak, but still a notable milestone toward American unity. The colonies were basically allowed to be semiautonomous commonwealths. After Charles II was restored to the British throne, he hoped to control his colonies more firmly, but was shocked to find how much his orders were ignored by Massachusetts.
As punishment, a sea-to-sea charter was given to rival Connecticut , and a charter was given to Rhode Island Andros Promotes the First American Revolution In , the Dominion of New England was created to bolster the colonial defense against Indians and tying the colonies closer to Britain by enforcing the hated Navigation Acts.
The acts forbade American trade with countries other than Britain. As a result, smuggling became common. Head of the Dominion was Sir Edmund Andros. Establishing headquarters in Boston, he openly showed his association with the locally hated Church of England. His soldiers were vile-mouthed and despised by Americans. Andros responded to opposition by curbing town meetings, restricting the courts and the press, and revoking all land titles.
He taxed the people without their consent. At the same time, the people of England staged the Glorious Revolution , instating William and Mary to the crown. Resultant, the Dominion of New England collapsed. Massachusetts got a new charter in , but this charter allowed all landowners to vote, as opposed to the previous law of voting belonging only to the church members.
Old Netherlanders at New Netherland In the 17th Century, the Netherlands revolted against Spain, and with the help of Britain, gained their independence.
The Dutch East India Company was established, with an army of 10, men and a fleet of ships including 40 men-of-war. The Dutch West India Company often raided rather than traded. It was the Dutch West India Company that bought Manhattan Island for some worthless trinkets 22, acres of the most valuable land in the world today. New Amsterdam was a company town, run by and for the Dutch company and in the interests of stockholders.
The Dutch gave patroonships large areas of land to promoters who agreed to settle at least 50 people on them. New Amsterdam attracted people of all types and races. One French Jesuit missionary counted 18 different languages being spoken on the street. New England was hostile against Dutch growth. The Swedes trespassed Dutch reserves from to by planting the anemic colony of New Sweden on the Delaware River. Things got so bad that the Dutch erected a wall in New Amsterdam, for which Wall Street is named today.
In , the Dutch sent one-legged Peter Stuyvesant to besiege the main Swedish fort, and he won, ending Swedish colonial rule and leaving only Swedish log cabins and place names as evidence that the Swedes were ever in Delaware.
New Amsterdam was renamed New York. Dutch names of cities remained, like Harlem, Brooklyn, and Hell Gate. Even their architecture left its mark on buildings. The Dutch also gave us Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, sauerkraut, bowling, sleighing, skating, and golf. They were offensive to religious and civil rule. Though stubborn and unreasonable, they were simple, devoted, democratic people against war and violence.
William Penn , a well-born Englishman, embraced the Quaker faith. In , he managed to secure an immense grant of fertile land from the king. It was called Pennsylvania, in honor of Penn, who, being the modest person that he was, had insisted that it be called Sylvania. It was the best advertised of all the colonies. Philadelphia was more carefully planned than most cities, with beautiful, wide streets. His treatment of the Indians was so gentle that Quakers could walk through Indian territory unarmed without fear of being hurt.
Hiram W. Charles Evans Hughes , of New York, gained fame by investigating the malpractices of gas and insurance companies. Progressive Women Women were an indispensable catalyst in the progressive army. Women focused their changes on family-oriented ills such as child labor. Progressives also made major improvements in the fight against child labor, especially after a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in NYC which killed workers, mostly young women.
The landmark case of Muller vs. Oregon found attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuading the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws that protected women workers. On the other hand, the case of Lochner v. New York invalidated a New York law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers.
Yet, in , the Court upheld a similar law for factory workers. Willard, and the Anti-Saloon League were formed. Finally, in , the 18th Amendment prohibited the sale and drinking of alcohol. Finally, after the owners refused to negotiate and the lack of coal was getting to the freezing schools, hospitals, and factories during that winter, TR threatened to seize the mines and operate them with federal troops if he had to in order to keep it open and the coal coming to the people.
TR Corrals the Corporations The formed Interstate Commerce Commission had proven to be inadequate, so in , Congress passed the Elkins Act , which fined railroads that gave rebates and the shippers that accepted them. The Hepburn Act restricted the free passes of railroads. Morgan and James J. Caring for the Consumer In , significant improvements in the meat industry were passed, such as the Meat Inspection Act, which decreed that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can.
The Pure Food and Drug Act tried to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals. Another reason for new acts was to make sure European markets could trust American beef and other meat. Earth Control Americans were vainly wasting their natural resources, and the first conservation act, the Desert Land Act of , provided little help. More successful was the Forest Reserve Act of , which authorized the president to set aside land to be protected as national parks.
Under this statute, some 46 million acres of forest were set aside as preserves. Roosevelt, a sportsman in addition to all the other things he was, realized the values of conservation, and persuaded by other conservationists like Gifford Pinchot , head of the federal Division of Forestry, he helped initiate massive conservation projects.
However, in , TR announced that he would not seek the presidency in , since he would have, in effect, served two terms by then. In , a short but sharp panic on Wall Street placed TR at the center of its blame, with conservatives criticizing him, but he lashed back, and eventually the panic died down. In , Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act , which authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral.
Debs , who garnered , votes. TR left the presidency to go on a lion hunt, then returned with much energy. He had established many precedents and had helped ensure that the new trusts would fit into capitalism and have healthy adult lives while helping the American people.
He was also sensitive to criticism and not as liberal as Roosevelt. This investment, in effect, gave the U.
Knox propose that a group of American and foreign bankers buy the railroads and turn them over to China. Taft also pumped U. Taft the Trustbuster In his four years of office, Taft brought 90 suits against trusts. After Taft tried to break apart U. Taft Splits the Republican Party Two main issues split the Republican party: 1 the tariff and 2 conservation of lands.
To lower the tariff and fulfill a campaign promise, Taft and the House passed a moderately reductive bill, but the Senate, led by Senator Nelson W. In the quarrel, Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate development and was criticized by Forestry chief Gifford Pinchot, who was then fired by Taft.
In the spring of , the Republican party was split between the Progressives and the Old Guard that Taft supported, so that the Democrats emerged with a landslide in the House.
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